Christopher Columbus s First Voyage - 1092 Words

Since Christopher Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, several systems of labor have entered and exited through Latin America. Beginning with the Encomienda, established by King Ferdinand, continuing on to Repartimiento, the abolition of slavery and ensuing of a contract of forced labor, and arriving ultimately at the transatlantic slave trade, responsible from flourishing slavery throughout Latin America. Each labor system had flaws and weren’t extremely well thought out; as such, the systems all eventually met their demise (Martin.) The system of encomienda began to decline as the Crown used principles of favoritism to assign landowners, as well as disease struck. The system of the Repartimiento due to the mass exploitation, was weak from civil wars, the fleeing of natives, and disease. The system of slavery for plantation ended due to inhuman treatment, as well as inequality, and a ‘harsh hierarchy’, as Eakin says. Although, all three labor systems were moti vated by the idea of colonizing new land, the end of their respective systems were due to similar and differing factors (Eakin.) In 1497, Christopher Columbus instituted the first known instances of the encomienda system, in where Colonists profited from the force of labor on the natives. The encomienda system granted the right by the crown to the colonists, the power of land and labor. In return for the grant of land the Spaniard, or encomenderos, was responsible for protecting the natives and leading them to ChristianityShow MoreRelatedA Description Of New England And Christopher Columbus s The First Voyage890 Words   |  4 Pagesthinking of the American Dream the first thought that comes to my mind is, â€Å"all the different opportunities people have to choose from.† People were crossing the Atlantic to come to the new world in search of different things. Some came for the opportunity of riches, others came to experience a new way of living, a better, more free lifestyle. In John Smith’s, â€Å"A Description of New England† and Christopher Columbus’s, â€Å"Letter to Santange l Regarding the First Voyage† both give in great detail, the opportunitiesRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The Discovery Of The Americas1303 Words   |  6 PagesAt the beginning of the book Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of the Americas, the author Tim McNeese is telling us a general explanation of why Christopher Columbus is so recognized. He says â€Å"Few men in history have been as honored and recognized for their contributions as Christopher Columbus.†1 As the author noted, Christopher Columbus is well recognized and honored for his achievements because he changed the history of people in every continent. Someone who is spoken of this highly shouldRead MoreChristopher Columbus s The New World1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe Federal holiday of ‘Christopher Columbus Day’ is celebrated on the second Monday of October because of Columbus’s ‘discoveries’ of the Americas in the New World. What most people do not know is that Chri stopher Columbus’s intentions were only for the betterment of himself. Columbus was a devout Catholic and could have been looking to spread the word of God to the ‘Indies’, his main goal was to find a water route from Europe to the West Indies. How did Christopher Columbus’s motives impact theRead MoreChristopher Columbus And His Four Voyages1716 Words   |  7 Pages Christopher Columbus and his Four Voyages The Four Voyages, is an instantaneous account each single voyage taken by Christopher Columbus, what he and his men stumbled upon in the New World, and the long-standing effects these European conquistadors did face throughout it. Throughout Columbus s life as an explorer he went on four great voyages and made many great discoveries. Christopher Columbus’s four voyages were both that of exploration and imperialism. The lands which he discovered, heRead MoreWhat Is Geography?1066 Words   |  4 Pagesfurther than all this . My topic about geography I have chosen to write about Mr. Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus was born in 1951 in genoa Italy. He was born into a middle class family. Although his childhood is limited to us we are aware that he was well educated. He also spoke several languages. Mr. Columbus was a very intelligent man from the start. Christopher Columbus chose to sail the world, he first took the sea at the age of 14.in 1479 he married a young lady named filipa MonizRead MoreWhy Did Christopher Columbus Not Discover America?874 Words   |  4 PagesWhy did Christopher Columbus not discover America? â€Å"In fourteen hundred ninety-two Columbus sailed the ocean blue.† One of the first things we learned in primary school was that Christopher Columbus discovered America. But they also made us read Christopher s Journals (1493) such as â€Å" They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks bells. They willingly traded everythingRead MoreReview Of Christopher Columbus s The New World 1605 Words   |  7 Pages3. Achievements of Christopher Columbus. 3.1. Finding and Colonising of the New World. King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I, the Catholic Monarchs of Aragon, Castile, and Leon in Spain sponsored Columbus’ first journey. The funding was used to give Columbus crewmembers, and the money to afford three ships called the Nià ±a, Pinta, and Santa Marà ­a. Columbus and his crew then sailed west in hopes to find an alternate route to the lucrative Chinese trade markets or a new Silk Road. After two monthsRead MoreGetting to Know Christopher Columbus911 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus, as we now know he accomplished a lot during his life. Although many are disputed and questions have been raised as to why we celebrate Columbus Day. One could find the when, how and where of Christopher Columbus an interesting subject for discourse. After all, we are talking about the man who discovered the land we now call America. We will not even consider the people, the Native Americans who lived here first as discovering America. Maybe it should be taught just a tad differentlyRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The New World1554 Words   |  7 PagesIn the 1400’s the competition between European empires was at a high. Trying to find routes to Asia and the Indies was a big priority for these countries. These far, exotic lands carried gold, spices, and jewels that sold quite pricey and were highly demanded by the royals and the nobles. Many sailors at this time tried to find new routes to these places to get there faster, but Christopher Columbus had a completely new and perilous way to get to the East Indies. Christopher Columbus suffered manyRead MoreChristopher Columbus s Voyage Preparations And His Religious Beliefs1401 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Columbus lived during the early modern period, more precisely the Renaissance (Boucher). At the time, the pre- modern worldview that once dominated Europe since antiquity (existence to 476 C.E) began to vanish due to new intellectual way of thinking, which ultimately mature in the modern way of thinking (Boucher). While Columbus contributed to this momentous shift, there is evidence that one might argue that between Columbus’ voyage preparations and his religious beliefs, the iconic Genoese

Understanding The Incidents Of The Two Eight Financial Crisis

To understand the incidents that occurred in the two-thousand eight Financial Crisis one must understand what a mortgage is. Someone who wants to buy a house will often borrow hundreds to thousands of dollars from a bank. In return, that bank receives a piece of paper, called a mortgage. The bank often sells the mortgage to a third party. When an individual agrees to a mortgage, they are agreeing to pay back their loan in portions plus interest to whomever holds the mortgage. If the borrower does not repay the lender, the property will be taken back by whomever holds the mortgage; it is then sold to cover the debt. This process is known as foreclosure. If the borrower stops paying it s called a default. A default is when a debtor is†¦show more content†¦Mortgage back securities are created when large financial institutions attempted to secure mortgages. Basically, they bought thousands of individual mortgages, bundled them together, and would sell shares to investors. 3 Investors relished in these mortgage backed securities. They paid a higher rate of return than investors could get in other places, and appeared to be safe bets. Home prices increased; Leading lenders to believe the worst case scenario, homeowners would default on their mortgage, and they could sell the house for an additional amount of money. 1 At the same time, credit rating agencies continued to inform investors that mortgage backed-securities were safe investments. Investors were desperate to gain more securities. Promoting lenders to help create more of them. However, to create more, lenders needed more mortgages. This caused lenders to loosen their standards and provided loans to individuals with low income and poor credit. These are referred to as subprime mortgages.2 Eventually, some institutions begin using what is referred to as predatory ending practices to generate mortgages. They made loans without verifying income and offered absurd, adjustable rate mortgages with paym ents individuals could afford, at first, it became disorderly quickly. Subprime leading was a new practice at the time. These investments were becoming increasingly less safe. However, investors trusted rating, and continued to

Chronicle of a Death Foretold Reflective Statement free essay sample

In today’s interactive oral I gained a better understanding of the Colombian culture, specifically religion and weddings, and applied this knowledge to what I already knew about our culture and to Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel A Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Catholicism has been widely practiced in Colombia ever since the Conquistadors first introduced it to the country. As such, Colombian Catholics strive to complete the seven sacraments of baptism, reconciliation, Eucharist, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, and the anointing of the sick. By completing these sacraments Catholics strengthen their relationship with God. In Colombia, the sacrament of matrimony is a very big deal. Weddings are large and grand, with lots and lots of people in attendance. A Colombian touch which is added to weddings are orange flower blossoms, which are meant to represent happiness, fulfillment and purity. Another tradition utilizes 13 coins, representing Jesus and the 12 apostles. These coins are blessed by the priest and then given to the bride. We will write a custom essay sample on Chronicle of a Death Foretold Reflective Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Colombian wedding receptions are quite similar to our own here in America. There is lots of celebrating, with a ton of food, and music. People dance, drink and have a good time. In the beginning of Chronicle, everyone has just returned from the wedding of Bayardo San Roman and Angela Vicario. Their family hadn’t been very big, so they basically invited the whole town. This shows the importance of weddings being big. So at the beginning of the book, the next morning, the entire town is basically hung over and not really ready to process anything that takes any amount of thinking. This helps to explain the fact that while so many people knew Santiago was going to be killed, Santiago never found out himself. Today’s Interactive Oral was very interesting, and I enjoyed learning more about the culture of Colombia, the differences in how sacraments of the Catholic church are carried out there from here, and finding connections between what I learned and Chronicle of a Death Foretold.

Nick Djokovic free essay sample

In today’s world, there are many sport figures one can look up to. We have chosen the best of the best in the tennis world, Novak Djokovic. Djokovic is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world number 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals. Despite being the underdog during his early years as a professional tennis player, he is now the best professional tennis player overtaking the previous king of tennis Rafael Nadal. Ever since the age of four, he has been interested in tennis. Unlike most children his age, it was not a fleeting interest. He was determined to achieve his dream of becoming the best tennis player in the world. With his steadfast dream, he has won six Grand Slam titles and has brought him to where he is now. This report will cover Djokovic’s personality, values and attitude, motivation and leadership skills that had helped him to achieve his dream. We will write a custom essay sample on Nick Djokovic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The points highlighted are also the main reason he is worth following as an influential leader. 2.0 Personality The big five model of personality consists of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience. Djokovic can be seen as a person that is highly extrovert as he is fun-loving, expressive and sociable. During his comeback as the winner in the Australian Open, he was so overjoyed that he threw his racket, wristbands and his shirt to his fans (AOL News, 2011). Djokovic is also socially attached to his fans that he created an application known as ‘Nole4You’ that focuses on a direct coverage of Djokovic’s real time games (New Newsworthy, 2012a). On the other hand, Djokovic is low on the neurotism category as he is much balanced and emotionally stable. According to Suttles (2013), Djokovic was â€Å"gracious in defeat† as every defeat he channels it back into better concentration for the next match. Next, Djokovic is rather high on the agreeableness meter as he shows a great deal of care towards others through his charities. Djokovic created the Novak Djokovic Foundation which supports young children from disadvantaged communities especially in native Serbia (New Newsworthy, 2012b). Besides that, he was also elected as the ambassador of The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Serbia as he was utterly concern in the welfare of the people in his hometown as well as the importance in early childhood education in Native Serbia (Look To The Stars, 2011). He was also keen in participating in fights for the betterment of society such as the fight against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which required him to use the Head Red special edition bag collection from Head to the French Open Grand Slam (Look To The Stars, 2013a). Djokovic is also high in conscientiousness as he is responsible for his career and he is well organized after his achievement in the Australian Open. Although being reckless in his previous season, he is where he is now due to his hard work in perfecting his service techniques and getting his diet right (Carter, 2011). According to Djokovic in an interview, he wants to be consistent in his games and to do this, he has to stay fit and take care of his health and physical condition (The National, 2011). Lastly, Djokovic is very open to new experience. One afternoon in year 2010, Djokovic received a phone call from Dr. Igor Cetojevic who said that his fatigue in the 2010 Aussie Open was due to his diet that consists of glutens that caused an accumulation of toxins in his large intestines. Djokovic listened to his advice to practice a gluten-free diet as well as to build him up spiritually. Besides that, Djokovic also took risk to change his serve technique as advised by Marian Vajda. As a result of Djokovic’s openness, he no longer suffers from fatigues and he felt much happier and balanced. In addition, a change in his serve technique enabled him to defeat the former world number one five times consecutively and brought him to the top of the tennis world (Saslow, 2012). 3.0 Values and Attitude As a well-known figure in the world of tennis, Djokovic has certain values that enable him to enjoy the success that he has today. According to George and Jones (2012, p.93), values are defined as personal convictions about what one should strive for in life and how one should behave. Values are further divided into two categories; work values and ethical values. In terms of work values, there are intrinsic and extrinsic work values. In definition, intrinsic work values are values that are related to the nature of the work itself. Some examples of intrinsic work values that are prominent in Djokovic’s work are the ability to make important contributions to the public, the interesting work and the challenging work that can be done. Firstly, in terms of the ability to make important contributions to the public, Djokovic is well known for his philanthropic work. Due to this status as the highest ranked tennis player, he is very well-connected and is able to influence his fans over his beliefs. From this, he has helped to raise awareness for AIDS, human trafficking, poverty, human rights, women’s rights, children’s rights and many more (Look To The Stars, 2013b). Aside from that, his ability to make important contributions to the public and society is further supported by his status as the ambassador of UNICEF in Serbia. Aside from him advertising his beliefs on social media such as Facebook, Twitter and his video blog, UNICEF has also advertised their cause through Djokovic because of his popularity among the younger generation (UNICEF, 2011). Although generating a high pay from his career, he did not choose this career lifestyle because of it. He started playing tennis at the age of four and played professionally when he was 16 years old. This is due to his passion and interest in tennis. He has trained and played in every single tennis tournament to gain the experience he needed. Even though he has been injured quite a number of times in terms of ankle and knee injuries, that has never stopped him from pursuing his dream of being the best tennis player (Mitchell, 2013). However challenging his work may be, Djokovic never gave up. He continuously pursues his dream of being the best. After relentless practice and competitions, he finally replaced Roger Federer as the top ranked tennis player in the world. This attitude of his is admirable and serves as a constant reminder to his fans that nothing is impossible. On the other hand, extrinsic values are values that are related to the consequences of work. One of the more prominent extrinsic values is the high salary. Not only does he get paid for playing tennis, he gets paid through his endorsements deals with well-known companies such as UNIQLO, Fitline and Telekom Srbjia (Badenhausen, 2011). His salary also includes appearance fees, exhibitions and prize money. Besides that, his career as a tennis player provides him with many job benefits. One of the many is fame. Unlike most athletes, Djokovic enjoys being in the limelight and often shares news and funny anecdotes of his life with his fans. Next, his job provides very flexible working hours. He practices his tennis with his coaches at any time he wants. Due to his flexible working hours, he gets to spend more time with his family and to indulge in vacations as well as hobbies. According to George and Jones (2012, p.97), work attitude is defined as the collection of feelings, beliefs and thoughts about how to behave in one’s job and organisation. Although similar to values, work attitudes are more specific and are not as constant as values as work attitudes change over time. In 2008, although he was winning tournaments, Djokovic hired a new fitness coach in hopes that it will help boost his performance. After the change, he was able to defeat the two reigning champions in the tennis world, namely, Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal. His attitude changed once a new factor was introduced into his life (ESPN, 2010). 4.0 Motivational Theories Everyone in the world possesses a particular set of skills that they are good at in their lives. People who managed to realize their potential often harness that skill and sharpen it to become a much better person. During those times, motivation towards that ability drives them to keep pushing forward in harnessing those skills. Many professional sportsmen and sportswomen started training during childhood. Motivation is what has kept them and pushed them into training harder every day until they finally achieve their goal. According to George and Jones (2012, p. 183), there are three elements of work motivation; direction of behavior, level of effort and level of persistence. Novak Djokovic, world’s best tennis player, possessed all these three elements. For example, although his family had economic problems in Serbia, he still chose to fly to Germany to train despite only being 12 years old. Even as a child, he loved tennis with a passion. He once skipped afternoon classes in school just so he could attend tennis training with his coach (PRPepper Production, 2012). His passion, effort and persistence during training are boundless. His motivation was driven because he loved tennis rather than his parents forcing the sport on him. 4.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Djokovic’s efforts and achievements relate a lot to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs consists of five different types of needs from the lowest to the highest; physiological, safety, belongingness, esteems and self-actualization needs (George and Jones, 2012, p. 187). The two needs most emphasized by Djokovic are the esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Right from the beginning, Djokovic was always focused and determined to be the best in the tennis world, which directly means beating the best players in the world such as Roger Federer, Andy Murray, Tommy Haas and Rafael Nadal. Esteem needs emphasizes on an individual being recognized and respected by others (George and Jones, 2012, p.187). Djokovic strived hard during his early years under the guidance of Nikola Pilic. At the age of 16, he was awarded the champion of â€Å"La Boule†. This event leads to the start of his professional career (PRPepper Prodcutions, 2012). However, he did not stop that as he was motivated aim higher. This further explains Maslow’s self-actualization need theory, which is defined as â€Å"needs to realize one’s full potential as a human being†. Djokovic trained hard every day motivated by one goal; to be the best tennis player in the world. Due to him having a high self-actualisation, Djokovic obtained the title of being the best tennis player in the ATP rankings in 2012 after obtaining a 43% winning rate in 2011. Today, Djokovic is further motivated by his lost to Rafeal Nadal in the 2013 French Open. Instead of giving up, Djokovic evaluates his loss as a sense of motivation to train harder in order to win the next tournament, Wimbledon (Gajaria, 2013).

3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons

3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons 3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons 3 Types of Solutions with Semicolons By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, a structural flaw is easily repaired by use of one or more semicolons in place of one or more commas. Discussion and revision of each example explains the problem and demonstrates the solution. 1. Smith’s father called an ambulance, however, she was pronounced dead at the scene. However is not parenthetical to the first clause or to the entire sentence. To demonstrate that it applies only to the second clause, a semicolon should precede it: â€Å"Smith’s father called an ambulance; however, she was pronounced dead at the scene.† (A simpler alternative with more basic punctuation is â€Å"Smith’s father called an ambulance, but she was pronounced dead at the scene.†) 2. Apps can store shoppers’ receipts, gift cards, and shopping lists; present discounts and coupons; enable comparison shopping; make the checkout process simple and fast, and more. Because â€Å"make the checkout process simple and fast† and â€Å"and more† are equivalent to each other and to the three previous list items, a semicolon, rather than a comma, is required between them: â€Å"Apps can store shoppers’ receipts, gift cards, and shopping lists; present discounts and coupons; enable comparison shopping; make the checkout process simple and fast; and more.† 3. The risks include large-scale terrorist attacks or cyberattacks, failure of national governance, profound social instability, interstate conflict with regional consequences, or state collapse or crisis, food or water crises, extreme weather events, and failure of climate change adaptation, or high structural unemployment or underemployment, asset bubbles in a major economy, or fiscal crises in key economies. This sentence suffers from a lack of differentiation of several lists of categorically similar phenomena within the sentence, which is essentially a list. To improve readability, separate the sublists by inserting semicolons: â€Å"The risks include large-scale terrorist attacks or cyberattacks, failure of national governance, profound social instability, interstate conflict with regional consequences, or state collapse or crisis; food or water crises, extreme weather events, and failure of climate change adaptation; or high structural unemployment or underemployment, asset bubbles in a major economy, or fiscal crises in key economies.† (However, a complex list such as this might be better presented as a vertical bullet list.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtWhat to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Adobe Photoshop Essay Example

Adobe Photoshop Essay Example Adobe Photoshop Essay Adobe Photoshop Essay In the past, society has treated television, computing, graphic design, radio, games machines, music production, telephones, animation, calculators, e-mail, the Web, photography, film and video as separate technologies. Now that these applications all use digital methods, todays digital media systems can integrate them using the same hardware. A PC can serve as an interactive television, a voicemail system, a music system, a games machine, and so on. Similarly, the same software can be used on a variety of platforms. For example, computer games producers now develop multimedia games that can be played on-line on the Internet, or on a television, games machine or telephone, as well as in the normal way on a standalone computer. The term for the coming together of these hardware and software technologies is convergence. Convergence is possible because of the growth, capacity, and speed of computer components, high-speed communications, and digitising techniques for all the media. DVD is a storage medium that is replacing the videotape, audiotape, computer diskettes and CDs. In the same way, televisions, radios, computer monitors and screens, and visual displays on telephones, games machines and calculators, will eventually converge into one technology. Research shows that Digital Media involvement through video gaming and movie watching has meant there has been a steady increase in levels of obesity in many of the western countries. For example, in America levels of obesity are at an all time high, this is mainly due to the lack of exercise by the American populace. Youngsters not only in America but also in the majority of westernised countries, have totally differing lifestyles to those just 10 years ago. Nowadays youths play video games for hours and days on end, not wanting to play football in the park or join clubs such as the scouts or cubs. Health risks are imminent from playing video games for hours and with very little exercise. Repetitive Strain Injury is likely due to the constant movement in one direction; eyesight deficiencies are probable due to the glare and closeness, which you sit from the screen and back strain is also feasible due to posture instability. These are all negative cultural impacts of what Digital Media has done in our age. Crime is another sector that has been widely affected by Digital Media in both positive and negative fashions. The government and police have huge databases, with images of criminals and fingerprint recognition images, which are a huge aid in collating evidence and combating criminals. The downside to this positive impact is the crimes that Digital Media has created such as Identity theft and fraudulent activities. Impact of digital media on statistics, weather forecasting (not that we can do much still to predict disasters like the recent Tsunami) and entertainment means we can now study whilst on the move, we can watch films whilst we have a meal, we can watch the news happening in a country we are just about to land in. The speed of transfer of information has transformed communication between people at work (e-mails), people at play (instant replays of contentious sporting moments), people at prayer (flat screen displays of Popes blessings to the faithful etc. ), people at leisure (the whole gamut of films, digital broadcasts of TV programmes, interactive participation in TV add-ons, the continuing evolution of games media (X-box, PS3, etc. etc.) Those detractors from digital media forms are like believers that the earth is flat- they are in denial concerning the unstoppable progress of human inventions. Culturally we maintain our classical art examples whilst embracing new technology to create artistic masterpieces in Adobe Photoshop it is just not recognised as legitimate yet. Oscars for screensavers, the Booker Prize for databases and web pages, the Grammys for download quality MP3s Kazaa!! The futures orange? No, the futures digital Bibliography   webopedia.com.

Galileo's Siderius Nuncius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Galileo's Siderius Nuncius - Essay Example k became a sensation that made Galileo famous and well-known in his time, as well as initiating further discoveries of how celestial bodies such as the rocky planets, the Earth’s moon, Jupiter and its satellites, the Sun’s spots as well as discovering larger numbers of stars in constellations such as Orion and the Pleiades that cannot be easily seen by naked eyes through a compound telescope (13). While Galileo’s discoveries stirred controversy with the Catholic Church by disproving the scriptures regarding how planets, the sun, and other celestial bodies orbit the Earth, his method of observing the movement of planets with satellites, mainly Jupiter and its four moons allowed for the support of the Copernican theory of planetary movement, and initialising the disproving of the traditionally-accepted Aristotelian theory of a geocentric view of the cosmos. Galileo reported his initial observations of three bright bodies around the planet Jupiter, which he noticed to change positions in the course of a few months, from January to March of 1610, but remarkably remained in a straight line all throughout the time of observation (64). He begun observing the large planet around early January, wherein he records the appearance of three bright stars orbiting around Jupiter, but do not have similar sizes, and in which Galileo describes as such: â€Å"the more eastern one and the western one appeared a bit larger than the remaining one† (65). After a few days, Galileo observed another star which was hidden behind Jupiter, emerging and trailing in a straight line along the other three stars that were initially discovered a few days prior, in which Galileo describes the alignment to be similar to the alignment of the zodiac constellations (66). After observing Jupiter and its Medicean stars (later found out to be its satellites or moons) f or a period of three months, Galileo was able to compare the stars’ orbit to the Earth’s and Mars’ moons, which change phases at